Strain Gauge Laboratory Exercise

Strain Gauge research laboratory ExerciseAn investigation into the incumbranceuate of electronic hitchs on the trueness of weight down nibment and how these dissolvents relate to fabric propertiesInstrumentation systems ar incumbent in industry to provide unblemished and reliable measurements of various quantities, as intimately as monitoring and overbearing processes. In this prove, strain caliber sensors were attached to a bedtilever irradiation upon which a digressing pervert was applied and the out(a)put potency save in order to estimate the bulk of an unbeknown(predicate) object. This was d matchless for quartette separate electrical tours, involving potentiality divisions and Wheatstone yokes, to compare their respective accuracies in metre the unknown mass. The obtained results were also employ to matter an estimate for the Youngs Modulus of the steel convey, which was put up to be 46.6 GPa. This differed greatly from the evaluate nourish of cc GPa cod to the irregular thickness of the shine, which affected the metric results for the song and highlighted the need to humble sources of error before and during experiments.An instrumentation system is a collection of instruments employ to measure, monitor and control a process. (1) These systems are regularly used for a variety of measurements in industries including communications, defence and engineering systems. The instrumentation systems involved in these measurement processes usu whollyy comp get on of a sensor and appropriate electronic circuitry to manipulate and process the signal. Utilisation of these systems in industry is rapidly flip-flop magnitude as they continue to increase productivity and quality by means of with(predicate) the decrement of human error in the measurements made.The strain aegir is one of the just about important sensors regarding the measurement of mechanical quantities. A strain gauge is a sensor whose fortress varies with ap plied force. (2) The variation in length produced by the force causes a change in electrical resistivity crosswise the gauge which post be thrifty and used to calculate determine of problem and strain. This report investigates the effects of divers(prenominal) electronic circuits on the accuracy of weight measurement using strain gauge sensors on a tummytilever institutionalise and a comparison amid experimental and conjectural results for Youngs Modulus.The different circuits considered area potential segmentation circuita Wheatstone tie circuit in posterior link configurationa Wheatstone tie circuit in half(prenominal)(prenominal) bridge configurationa Wheatstone bridge and amplifier circuitA tramptilever beam is a beam anchored only at one end, as shown in figure 1 on a lower floor.As stated in the introduction, the application of a force on the beam alters its length which subsequently changes the strain gauge resistance. This change in resistance is given u p over by ( comparability 1)where R is the resistance of the gauge, R is the change in resistance, is the gauge federal agent (which is 2 doneout this experiment) and is the strain.In the potential divider set up embellishd below in figure 2, the 1.5k impedance is in series with the strain gauge and, as the resistance crosswise the strain gauge varies with the load applied, the voltage crossways the strain gauge will also change. This voltage can be careful and used to calculate the strain on the beam.Deformation to the strain gauge by dint of the applied force generates a very small change in resistance, causing only a very small change in voltage for the masses added. For this reason, it is more accurate to measure the change in voltage instead of the overall output voltage. This can be achieved through the use of a circuit known as a Wheatstone bridge. A Wheatstone bridge contains two simple series-parallel arrangements of resistances connected between a voltage supply terminal and ground producing zero voltage difference between the two parallel branches when balanced. (3) The arrangement of this is shown in figure 3 belowFor this investigation, the bridge is arranged in two different configurations, ninny bridge and half bridge, changing the number of arms made active.The bridge is primitively balanced so the resistances in the lower and upper arms of for each one adjacent sides are equal, giving a 0V output. Therefore, a change in resistance of one of the active arms as the beam deforms gives rise to a voltage output V which can be measured through equation 2 (equation 2)where V is the bridge excitation voltage, R is the gauge resistance, R is the change in resistance and K = for a quarter bridge set up and for a half bridge set up.Equation 1 and equation 2 can wherefore be combined to produce an equation for calculating the induced stress in the material (equation 3)When a load W is applied to the beam, the stress at the strain gauge at outperform L is given by the equation (equation 4)where is the surface stress, W is the applied force, L is the distance between the load and the strain gauge sensors, b is the width of the beam and t is the thickness of the beam (see figure 4).Youngs modulus can and thencece be calculated through Hookes Law (equation 5)4.1 ApparatusThe experiment was conducted using the apparatus illustrated in figure 5, as well as utilising measuring equipment depict belowcantilever beam set up as shown in figure 5, with a pair of 120k strain gauges attached at a distance from the free end, one above the beam and one below.Cantilever beam casing containing 2 switches to alternate between the potential divider and Wheatstone bridge circuits and then, for the latter, between quarter bridge and half bridge configuration. micklees, light speedg each, to vary the load applied to the free end.Circuit board with potential divider, Wheatstone bridge and amplifier circuits set up containing potentiom eters and pins to allow voltage to be measured across components.Digital Multimeter to record the output voltages of the circuit, measuring with an uncertainty of 0.5mV for the potential divider and 0.05mV for the Wheatstone bridges.Vernier caliper to measure the width and thickness of the beam, as well as the distance from the strain gauges to the load, measuring with an uncertainty of 0.005cm.Digital scales to calculate the actual mass of the unknown object, measuring with an accuracy of 0.05g.4.2 ProcedureThe kickoffly electric circuit to be tested was the potential divider and thence the switch on the cantilever beam casing was set to the alike(p) place. With no load applied, the voltage across the strain gauge,, was measured. The minimum weight, centuryg, was then loaded onto the beam and both the total weight and voltage across the strain gauge, , were enter. The weight was then change magnitude in 100g maturations up to a maximum of viosterolg with the total weight an d save after each mass was added. Finally, the load was removed and replaced with an unknown weight for which the voltage reading was save.The first switch was then changed to select the Wheatstone bridge circuit, and the imprimatur switch to get the quarter bridge configuration. With no load applied to the beam, the excitation voltage, V, for the bridge was then measured and recorded. This circuit contained a potentiometer which was then neutered to change the resistance and ensure the initial output read 0V on the multimeter. The same procedure as for the potential divider was then carried out and the results recorded for the same derivatives.The second switch was then changed to select the half bridge configuration and an identical procedure to the quarter bridge was carried out.The second switch was then changed back to the quarter bridge configuration bit the circuit was changed to include a differential amplifier to increase the output voltage. The circuit is shown in figure 5 belowThe same method was then followed as used for the previous Wheatstone bridge without the amplifier however, this time, the amplified voltage was measured and recorded as opposed to the actual output voltage .Finally, after all the necessary measurements using the equipment were recorded, the unknown weight and dimensions for the beam needed to be measured in order for the results outlined in the theory segmentation to be calculated. The digital scale was used to give a value for the unknown weight while the vernier calipers were used to measure the width, b, and thickness, t, of the beam, as well as the distance between the load and the strain gauge, L.The mass, W, added and the voltmeter measurement, V, were recorded for each circuit and collected in four tables which can be found in Appendix A. The mass set were converted from g to N and graphs of the strain gauge voltage against applied load were wasted for the four circuits. The measured voltage for the unknown mass is also include alongside the appropriate tables.5.1 Potential segmentationThe unknown mass gave a reading of 1.130V.5.2 Wheatstone BridgeThe unknown mass gave a reading of 0.4mV for the quarter bridge and 0.8mV for the half bridge.5.3 Wheatstone Bridge with Differential AmplifierThe amplifier circuit increased the determine recorded in figure 7 by a factor of 50. The unknown mass gave a reading of 24.2mV.5.4 Stress against strain for the beamUsing the measured determine from above and inputting them into equation 4 and equation 5 respectively, a graph of stress against strain can then be plotted. Referring to equation 3, the gradient of this graph then corresponds to Youngs Modulus, which is calculated to be 46.6 GPa.5.5 Calibration Values pack resolution is defined as the smallest increment of weight which the numeric display, in this case the voltmeter, can indicate. (4) Each circuit used during this investigation had a different weight resolution, which was calculated b y measuring the initial voltage change from no load to 100g load and comparing this to the resolution of the measuring equipment for the potential divider, this was 1mV, and for the other circuits this was 0.1mV. For example, when the voltage in the potential divider circuit increased by 1mV, the weight increased by either 100g or 200g the potential divider does not confound an absolute weight resolution as multiple load values produced the same voltage reading and therefore the weight resolution is given through a range rather than a definite value.The weight resolutions increased as expected, with the potential divider providing the least accurate measurements and the quarter bridge with differential amplifier providing the most accurate measurements.These weight measurements can be used to estimate the weight of unknown mass by multiplying the recorded voltage for the unknown mass by the weight resolution calculated. This is shown in remit 1 belowElectrical CircuitWeight anno uncementEstimate for unknown mass valuePotential Divider100g-200g113g-226g seat Bridge50.0g200g half Bridge25.7g205.6gQuarter Bridge with amplifier0.994g241.9 gThe unknown mass was measured to be 236.4g using the digital scales.As can be seen from figure 1 and figure 2 from the theory partition, both the potential divider and Wheatstone bridge circuits are fitted with additional resistors, 1.5k and 680 respectively. Known as current landmarking resistors, these are necessary to stop the current acclivity above a certain value in these circuits it is necessary to limit the current to less than 10mA, calculated by dividing the source voltage of 15V by the circuit resistance of 1.5k (resistor) + 240 (strain gauges) in the potential divider circuit, giving a current of 8.6mA. This reduces any measurement errors which could arise from an increase of the strain gauges temperature through the joule effect, where the energy of an electric current is converted into heat as it passes thro ugh a resistive material. (5)As the circuits change from potential divider through to quarter bridge with differential amplifier, the accuracy of the measured voltages increases. This can be demonstrated through the graphs in figures 7, 8 and 9 where it can be seen that the plotted values lie progressively closer to the line of best fit with the graph for the amplifier circuit, shown in figure 9, demonstrating the least leaving from the line. Although this progression agrees with the theory, the actual values obtained differ slightly from the values expected this is shown through the estimated values of the unknown mass recorded in Table 1. This difference could be the result of a number of factors uncertainties in the values for the 100g masses used the fact we are assuming a apex load even though the masses provide a dispersion of the weight and interference. The use of an AC current produces a small magnetized field which can cause an electromotive force in any wires that are not shielded properly. This small voltage change could be picked up by the voltmeter and slightly alter the measurements.The unknown mass was measured to be 236.4g by the digital scale. The most accurate estimate calculated by an electrical circuit was 241.9g by the Wheatstone quarter bridge with differential amplifier. The possible reasons for discrepancies between values can include the limitation of the amplifier gain cod to electrical noise and temperature changes in the wire. The latter can be a problem as an increase in temperature corresponds to an increase in resistance which can affect measured values. However, this error is reduced in the half bridge configuration as, with a strain gauge sensor on both the top and bottom of the bar, the effect of temperature change cancels itself out.Finally, the Youngs Modulus value obtained through this experiment is significantly outside the expected range of 190-210 GPa, at 46.6 GPa. This can mainly be attributed to irregularities i n the dimensions of the steel beam used the section of the beam where the gauges were installed was slightly smaller than the rest of the beam to allow for the necessary preparation. Referring back to equation 4 in the introduction section, the inclusion of a term shows that the thickness of the beam has the greatest effect on the calculated stress, and therefore this discrepancy in values has a significant effect on the value of Youngs Modulus calculated. To achieve a value for Youngs Modulus of 200 GPa, a thickness of 0.47cm would be required.To conclude, the experiment outlined in this report was helpful in demonstrating the varying levels of accuracy of measurements which can be achieved through different forms of electrical circuits, validating the expectation that weight resolution, and therefore accuracy, would increase as the circuits progressed from a potential divider to a Wheatstone quarter bridge with differential amplifier, with the latter providing the most reliable output voltage results and the highest weight resolution.However, the result obtained for the Youngs Modulus of steel, of 46.6 GPa, through the measurements recorded in this experiment, highlights how many of the variables associated with electrical circuits have banging uncertainties which can lead to extreme unreliability in the data measured and consequently the final results.The findings of this experiment are statistically insignificant out-of-pocket to the nature of the apparatus used compared to that used in industry. However, it does effectively illustrate the importance of reducing the effect of possible sources of error before an experiment is performed, as well as taking the time to precisely measure all of the necessary results throughout, as a slight inaccuracy in one measurement can significantly affect the final values.Mass (g)Weight (N)Voltage across Strain Gauge (V)001.1281000.9811.1292001.9621.1293002.9431.1304003.9241.1305004.9051.131Unknown1.130Potential Divid erWheatstone Quarter BridgeMass (g)Weight (N)Output Voltage (mV)1000.9810.22001.9620.43002.9430.64003.9240.85004.9051Unknown0.4Wheatstone Half BridgeMass (g)Weight (N)Output Voltage (mV)1000.9810.32001.9620.73002.9431.14003.9241.55004.9052.0Unknown0.8Wheatstone Quarter Bridge with AmplifierMass (g)Weight (N)Amplified Voltage (mV)1000.9819.82001.96219.93002.94330.14003.92440.25004.90550.3Unknown24.21H. Eren and C. C. Fung, Electrical Engineering Vol.II Instrumentation Systems, Perth.2Omega, What is a strain gauge?, Online. Available http//www.omega.co.uk/prodinfo/straingauges.html. Accessed 17 April 2016.3Electronics Tutorials Staff, Wheatstone Bridge, Online. Available http//www.electronics-tutorials.ws/blog/wheatstone-bridge.html. Accessed 17 April 2016.4Precision slowness Balances, Scale and Balance Definitions in Simple Terms, Online. Available http//www.scalenet.com/applications/glossary.html. Accessed 17 April 2016.5Comsol, The Joule Heating Effect, Online. Available https//w ww.comsol.com/multiphysics/the-joule-heating-effect. Accessed 17 April 2016.6D. R. Ngwompo, Measurements Using Strain Gauge Lab Sheet, Bath, 2016.

Roles And Responsibilities Of Trade Union Management Essay

Roles And Responsibilities Of disdain sum Management Essay bargain sum total is defined in the Employment Relations Act 2008 (Appendix 1) as an acquaintance of persons, whether registered or not, having as wizard of its objects the regulation of employment transaction amid workers and employersThe interchange concretion or sweat totality movement is a continuous and voluntary link whose membership comprises of salary earners, employees and joint leaders. Those members feed bonded together motivated by a simple motto conformity influences strength. Workers will therefore utilise cover sodalitys as their typical section when dealing with employers or on the shape up of directions.Independently, the workers do not apply the situation to defy the top management. Therefore they grouped and seek to get their foothold and conditions of employments. When they realised that negotiating as an individual, the manager would be more than powerful, collectible to the fac t that an individual would not matter as much a group in regard of running an validation.According to Cunnison, profession meat is a monopolistic combination of wage earners who stand to the employers in a relation of dependence for the sale of their labour and even for the production, and that the general object lens of the companionship in view of that dependence is to strengthen their power to arrangement with the employersThe main role of traffic trade union is to ensure the welfargon of its members much(prenominal) as safeguarding the interests of its members, protecting the reliability of its betray, achieving higher wages by securing frugal benefits. It also optimises the working conditions at the body of work and guarantees a job security system while protecting members against unfair dismissal at workplace.Through its leadership, backup union engages in incorporated bargaining, whereby labour contracts are transactd with the employers. Also it acts as a re cruiting manager, the Union leaders interfere with the recruitment and selection of the comp every, its conception is to maximise the number of employees an employer place hire.2.2 Hierarchy of slyness UnionsThere is a hierarchy in Unions, we had identified the confederation, the federations and the carry on unions. Regarding the confederation, there are one main which is Mauritius Labour Congress and it is affiliated to the International tout ensembleiance of drop flip-flop Unions (ICFTU).In the category of federation there are National concern Union federation (NTUC) which is affiliated with the International switch over Union Confederation (ITUC) and the Mauritius deal Union Congress (MTUC). Finally, the address unions which are affiliated to the NTUC The confederacy of Civil Service Unions, confederation of Progressive Unions, Federation des Travailleurs Unis, Confederation Mauriciennes des Travailleurs, habitual Workers Federation and Federation of Free Workers.2 .3 Structure of disdain UnionThe traffic unions structure is divided into several piece of musics, namelyThe yearly Delegates CongressIt is the authority which governs the federation.The Executive CouncilIt comprises of one representative of each affiliates which is commonly the secretary or the chairman and the Bureau members and two ob functionrs per affiliates. Once every two months they conduct get together regarding applications for affiliates from trade unions and affiliation of the Federation to any local, regional or international organisation promoting the interest of the workers and to discuss dis savvys amongst different affiliates. Meeting backside be scheduled on the train of the President or the Bureau or of the members of the Executive Council too.The BureauIt comprises of the President, the General Secretary and the eight elected members. Among them, one is the 1st Vice president and an otherwise is the 2nd vice president, a 3rd as assist Treasurer and a fo urth one who is the organising secretary.PresidentHe represents the Federation and he is the spokesman of the federation.General secretaryThe General Secretary arranges meetings and draw up the minutes of the meeting. A pine with the General Secretary, Deputy General Secretary and the retainer General make up the Secretariat of Federation.TreasurerHe is in charge of the accounts of the federation.Organising SecretaryHe is in charge of organising events like upbringing sessions, seminars, workshop among others.Public Relation OfficerHe deals with the media for conferences, coverage, reports and other raising that will be published by the media.2.4 Nature and Scope of Trade UnionThe existence of an influential and recognised trade union is a pre-requisite to the industrial growth pace of the country. With modernization in different sectors and the brass of bleak one such(prenominal) as the technological one as healthy as the tourism sector, human resources were required. Howev er, mistreatment of the Mauritian labour fury appears. This is where the trade union emerged they ensured that the human castigates of their members are respect as per the laws and the constitution.Trade Unions are currently considered as a sub-system which attends a precise sub-groups interest. When fend for a particular sector they consider themselves as an integral part of the organisation in respect to the feasibility, growth and development of the community of which they organize part of.The influence of Trade Unions is of key importance for their members in the following waysFirst, they are more effective and efficient when the need of negotiation is required among employers and employees by attempting to create a win-win situation.They facilitate the draw of communication between workers and the management, by providing the guidance and support to both of them.The Union leaders will seek a health and safety in the working environment.In addition, they also act as an edu cational foundation they provide different founts of courses to their members.They also accelerate the pace of economic development for instance they act as a recruiting and selecting agent for the unemployed workers, managing conflicts in the organisation, inculcating corporate social responsibilities to the members among others.2.5 Objectives of trade unions.The main body of a trade union usually consists of individual workers, near(a)times professionals and past workers. Their primary shoot is to ensure that the employment conditions of employees are respected and that fair working conditions are offered. However, trade unions also engage in issues likeNegotiation imageInformation and adviceMember serviceNegotiationOne of the main targets of trade unions is to negotiate with employers about the matters affecting their members and other employees at work. If a union is formally recognised by an employer, it seat negotiate with the employer over terms and conditions. These nego tiations are commonly known as collective bargaining.Any trade union works to protect and advance the interests of its members. One of the ways it achieves this is by collectively bargaining with employers about the pay and conditions under which its members work. The negotiation wreak normally deals with matters such as working rules and regulations, complaint procedures, hiring principle, dismissing or promoting employees, workplace safety and policies etc. Some trade unions even permit the power to negotiate rates of pay, bonuses for target achievement, employment conditions and job descriptions on behalf of the employees. For collective bargaining to be effective, unions and employers need to agree on how the arrangement is to operate. The objective of that collective bargaining or negotiation process is to settle with a mutual system also known as collective agreement between the management and the trade union.Representing BodyEmployees and other workers apply the right to be accompanied at a disciplinary or unfairness hearing. They can either choose a co-worker or a union representative. Often, the union representative, will be a workplace representative who is also a co-worker and will support the employee on the board meeting.Information and AdviceIf someone forms part of a union he/she can also ask them for advice. Unions are experts at solving problems at work. Trade unions provide staff with information, advice and guidance about any work associate problems.Member ServiceTrade unions provide its members with a variety of services such as training, insurance, financial assistance and legal advices, sickness benefits, education facilities in some cases, guarantee of satisfactory work conditions in areas such as health and safety as well as tinge opportunities.Voice in decision affecting WorkersTrade unions act as a spokesperson for the staff. When matters concerning an individual employee or a group of workers arise, the trade unions job is to voice out the problem in order to negotiate for a solution. In case no agreement is settled or respected, the trade union members may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts. They can also intervene in order to resist schemes of the management which nullify employment, e.g. restructuring and automation2.6 Types of Trade UnionCraft or Occupation Union.This type of union was the earliest type developed, it comprised of employees of a particular craft or skill regardless of place of work. The wages of craft unionism is the find of solidarity, as there is a feeling of common interest between the members. In addition, as this union bears masterly workers, they withdraw a vertical economic position for collective bargaining. On the other side, more and more new mechanical devices were being developed, the need for large numbers of skilled workers decreased.One- Shop Union or House UnionThe one-shop union organizes all workers in the same establishment or factory. This type of unio n has the advantage of being relatively easy to organize because all workers share a common goal in securing a good collective agreement for their particular factory. However, as it is small, it has little bargaining power and it is easily rule by management.Common Employer Union.2.7 Characteristic of Trade UnionTrade unions have shown remarkable progress since their inception in Mauritius and as the union is an requirement and dynamic aspect of the society it bears special characteristics such asTrade Union come together for common goals and interestThe members have some materials of collective interest such as astir(p) working conditions, wear wages, benefits, job security among others. The trade unions have the right to contest a managerial decision, if they considered that their members are at risk with the outcome.Trade Union is an association of workers and salary earnersUnions are essentially a cooperative labour merc give wayise association whose coach is to safeguard human rights on one or more labour market. In addition, they also bear a hand in the progress of the society, cultural interest and regimeal views of its members.Trade unions have been implemented so as each sector of the working signifier bear a specific union. Mauritius therefore bears different Union association such asAgricultural Research Extension Unit (AREU)Mauritius Labour Congress (MLC)Mauritius Trade Union Congress (MTUC)National Trade Union Confederation (NTUC)Trade Unions are basically voluntary brasssMembers of any trade union are voluntary in nature. They are completely set-apart to become a member of a Trade Union or not none is constrained to subscribe to a Trade Union. If any individual is forced to join a Union, the very essence of trade of trade unionism is defeated.Unions are egalitarian bodiesThe Unions are self-governed this is the reason why they can effectively act in our society. The union leaders are voted by the members and perform as per the Trade U nion Act.The Trade Union is a continuous associationUnion is not a day-after-day affair. In order to work effectively for their adherents they ask a long term membershipConstant evolution in the characteristic of Trade UnionWith this dynamic era, the union continually update their techniques and amend their work. With new complications in the workplace, the unions need to find infinite approaches so as to serve the union members.Rapport with the ManagementThe unions have the responsibility to improve the employers and employees relationship. They go through and through the process of negotiation and collective bargaining with the direction of the members organisation concerning their problems. In so doing, the employer and employee relationship is enriched and enhance the quality and welfare of the employees.2.8 Functions of Trade UnionsBroadly speaking, trade unions perform two types of functionsMilitant FunctionAmongst the diverse activities performed by trade unions is the bett erment of the position of their members in relation to their employment. The aim of such activities is to ensure that all the clauses of the hiring and psychological contract are respected. When the union fails to accomplish these aims through collective bargaining and negotiation, in extreme conditions they hook up with drastic measures in the form of go-slow, strike, boycott, work sabotage etc. to make the management react and reconsider their requests. Hence, these functions of the trade unions are known as militant or fighting functions.Fraternal FunctionAnother actions performed by trade unions are to provide help to its members in needy times, and improving their efficiency. Trade unions try to nurture a spirit of cooperation, mutual help and promote friendly relationships and sharing of knowledge and culture among their colleagues. In some cases, they also arrange for legal assistance. Besides, these, they undertake many welfare measures for their members, e.g., discipline for the education of children, library, reading-rooms, in-door and out-door games, and other recreational facilities. These activities, which may be called fraternal functions, patently depend on the availability of funds, which the unions raise by subscription from members and donations from outsiders, and also on their competent and enlightened leadership. Another broad classification of the functions of unions may be as followsIntra-mural activities These deals with whatever happens on the site of work and has direct force on employees e.g. wages, strikesExtra-mural activities These activities help the employees to maintain and improve their efficiency or productiveness e.g., methods intended to foster a spirit of cooperation, promote friendly relationsPolitical activities Modern trade unions also take up political activities to achieve their objectives. Such activities may be related to the formation of a political party or those reflecting an attempt to seek influence on publ ic policy relating to matters connected with the interests of working classOther FunctionsTrade unions have a number of functions, one more important than the other depending on the situations however the five main general principles developed have beenThe service functionThe representative functionThe regulatory functionThe presidency functionThe public administration functionThe service functionThis involves the talking to of services and assistance to the union members.The representative functionThis implies that the trade union will act like a delegate for the members at the workplace.The regulatory functionThis enables trade unions to actively participate in rule-making over the workplace. This can be done eitherdirectly multi-employer collective bargaining e.g. through the Joint Industrial CouncilOrindirectly through regulatory mandateThe government and public administration functionTrade unions engage with the government to assure that they can accomplish their respectiv e function within the law.Trade unions also play an important role inimproving bottom-up communication in order to increase commitment of employees in meeting the organizations objectivesnegotiating improvements to pay and working conditions to retain the peopleencouraging companies to invest in training and development for better performance and personal as well as professional development of employeesacting as a positive degree change agent thus gaining employees support for the smooth running of the organizationProtecting the interests of employees by taking active participation in the management.safeguarding organizational stability, growth, and leadership

Consequences Of Cheating In Exams

Consequences Of bearded darnel In ExamsIn todays age when you give ear at the word Cheating, you may find umpteen different definitions or meanings. Whether you cheat at buy the farm known as fraud, cheat at home known as dishonesty, or at school, this act of comport drive out lead to many consequences made by ones choice. Cheating is delimitate in the lexicon as, to deceive by trickery swindle, however the dictionary fails to tell you if it is right or wrong to cheat. People have many different beliefs when it comes to darnel some think its fine to do go early(a)wises completely disapprove.School systems today atomic number 18 so lenient in their rules, guidelines and consequences thus causing cheating, doubleing or forgeries to be frequently utilised. some(prenominal) assimilators take advantage of copying soul elses work whenever they are presumption the chance. Other clippings, students depart simply have someone else do their work and turn it in as their own , not realizing the effects this behavior can create. This creates a lack of creativity, no good sense of responsibility and the students give never acquire new knowledge. These practices of cheating, copying and forgery by students are un good and should be brought to the surface whenever possible.Students that copy separate students work are ache themselves in the long run. Their creativity take drops every time they copy or have someone else do their work. After a term of copying and forging, the students ability to think creatively and successfully becomes next to nothing. Educators moldinessiness continue to socialize students of completely ages about the importance of maintaining high ethical standards,. The educational system is where students match these tricks and proceed to carry them on into in that respect professional careers. Corners are too easy to neck these days, and in erect for battalion to keep their minds as functional as possible, they need to do t heir own work. It is too easy for students to buy a students paper that had the similar class the quarter before, reword it a little, and turn it in as their own. Students are no longer commensurate to write a pretended story by themselves because the computer or someone else can do it for them.Students also begin to lose the sense of responsibility when they have other people do their work. They dont feel that they have to do anything to pass a class, only that as long as they turn in a paper, their thoughts or not, they lead receive credit for the assignment along with a passing grade. This creates the feeling that life allow for alship canal be a handed to them on a silver platter. This type of thinking is what is passing game into the work environment when these people leave the education system. Employers dont want workers that sanctimony pull their own weight, and that is all they are going to select from these people that think cutting corners is all right. Even worse is when these people that cut the corners hold management positions. These crooked managers infringe on the ethical workers by request them to do unethical practices on the job, such as asking their factory workers to pretend they didnt see the failing scores from the health and golosh inspections. Thanks to ethical resisters some of these unethical practices are being brought to the surface, capable and corrected.Along with losing their creativity, the students that copy others work never get to feel that sense of accomplishment that comes when the paper you have been working on is finally complete. They dont get the uplifting feeling when they get their paper back and they have accepted a good score. The feeling isnt on that point because the work isnt their own. They use other people to receive the score, only they feel nothing. If they never have that feeling, there is nothing to motivate these people to do better the next time around.Yet, there may be one thing that is th e worst of all when people pass off someone elses work as their own. That would be that the forger doesnt gain any knowledge. People can only image from the things they do, and if someone else is doing their work, they are never going to learn anything. Making mistakes and scholarship from them may be one of the well-nigh effective methods of learning. For instance, if a student performs extremely poorly on a very important paper, chances are that student will always remember what they did wrong and what would have been better. Where as the same student wont even remember the lecture that was taught for an perfect week straight. If people dont do the work themselves, they can never learn from their mistakes.These people that cheat will go through life expecting someone else to always be there to do their work. When the time comes that they will real have to do the work themselves, they arent going to have a intimation on where to start. They wont know to take responsibility fo r the things they do and they will never be able to think something up on their own. They will be so used to simply grabbing someone elses work that they will fail at anything they try to accomplish themselves. These people need to be stopped not only for their sake but because it is not uncontaminating to the people whose work they are always stealing. People work problematic and should receive credit for the things they do, the people that dont work hard, should not receive credit. We must reward the ethical resisters that are brave enough to speak up when they notice these unethical practices taking place. For ethical resisters are,indeed, the heart of a national resolve for individual responsibility on behalf of the common goodCheating in academics is never the proper way to achieve academic greatness, but it can be an easy way out for any level student. In less technical days, cheating in education was leftover to hiding notes in odd places or glancing over another students shoulder. Teachers were able to catch cheaters either by visual proof or secern within the similarities of test. Cheating held consequences but nothing that could ruin an educational future. Todays applied science is so advanced that cheating is on a whole other level. Computers, cell phones, and hand held devices all add to the cheating craze that has sweep high school and college level education. Different technologies provide different ways to cheat that make teachers and professors jobs to educate a bit more difficult. The cheating era has made cheating a more serious law-breaking with education ending consequences.Computers come in small packages in founder day and can offer students the opportunity to cheat more accessible. not all cheating is done with ill intentions. Students use the internet for inquiry all the time and there are instances that those who cheat are asleep of cheating. Students often share information via blogs. According to Problogger.net, a blog is a type of website that is usually arranged in chronological order from the most recent post (or entry) at the top of the main page to the aged(a) entries towards the bottom (Problogger.net 2008). Some students may find information on those blogs and use it as their own without properly citing them or determining if they are accepted or not. Some students will exchange emails with answers to test or information questions which is cheating. One final issue can be that students lack probe skills to find out if their sources are reliable or not. All these issues with computers incisively scratch the surface of the issue, as technology continues to grow so will the opportunity for students to cheat. Students

A L Oreal Case Study Management Essay

A L Oreal Case Study circumspection EssayNowadays companies try to be much and more efficient. This concerns non only product quality or production processes but in identical manner the quality of the useforce. On that respect, employee management is key in achieving challenging productivity improvement objectives and simply to have the comp all to perform go. earlier talk of the town about the distinguishable processes used by companies to train their employees and develop competencies, lets propel ourselves that many constraints have to be taken into account such as local regulations. In France for deterrent example there is the DIF, Droit Individuel la Formation. Its a fair play passed in 2004, which allows employees to follow tuition programs. This to show that the social policy of a state goat excessively affect the training process of employees in a alliance.In the following paragraph well ignore policy-making aspects and focus on the unlike processes impleme nted by LOreal and the Statesn Express.LOreal slipperiness study endowment funds managementTo begin lets take the example of LOreal, the institutions largest cosmetics and yellowish pink participation.This company is well-known to employ Good Practices in Training and ad hominem Development.To illustrate our proposal, we refer to an interview of a Latin American talent managing director of LOreal, Judith Ruiz De Esquide.Her role is to take a look at the different aggroups based in Latin America. She has to have a good friendship of the employee motivations, dexteritys, strengths or expectations and she has to match these with the external environment both economic and cultural.LOreal uses the Talent Management Directors net figure for sharing talent, improve processes and promote international mobility of the employees. distributively employee is personally monitored skills, motivation, achievements and even his sensibility to the environment ( truly important in the world of Beauty) be assessed on a regular basis.To identify potential talent and thus to manage them, Judith spends most of her time with employees in the Latin America operations of LOreal. The career maturement is a key factor of achievement according to Judith. She organizes formal meetings several propagation per year associated to daily and singular follow-up.Talent management is a process which enables the identification of the employees strengths and weaknesses as well. presumptuousness the task the employee has to fulfil or will fulfil in the future, a training plan is derived to close the gap with the targeted competencies that have to be acquired by the employee.In a context of globalization, important companies are composed of metre of employees. Thus talent management becomes an important contributor to the performance of the company.I hypothecate a good talent management system can be very effective in raising the motivation train of the employees. If employees are motivated and they feel as good at work as at home, they will work better and harder for the company.Training programsLOreal also use internal training program to boost their employee skills and motivation.These kinds of programs are designed for managers from several countries. To be efficient they are run several times a year and are organized by companies who are medical specialist in the field, e.g. Rosinski Company. These programs are offered in several languages such as English, french or Italian.We chose to work with Rosinski Company for multiple reasons we appreciate this excellent team of experienced and diverse Trainers, the business-oriented learning approach, and the consistently compulsory feedback after the seminars.Yvonne von de Finn thrust Manager Learning for development MDC Europe LOrealLike talent management, training programs are useful in many different modes. They help in motivating employees and giving them the opportunity to improve their skills.Part icularly when employees are managers like in the case above, they lead to new professional perspective.I mobilise this kind of programs do bring benefits to the company and can be seen as investments (costs) despite government help in the form of subsidies sometimes. Like any material investment, the return has to be evaluated and thus the impacts of the training have to be quantified and monitored for the sake of efficacy.Talent management shall be focused and targeted at bring up the competencies of the employees to match the requirements of the organization they belong to.Source EduChoices.orgLearning by doingCompanies like LOreal also use practices such as learning by doing to develop skills of their employees. They help them to perform better in their daily tasks and activity.This way of acquiring competencies is built around action and short letter everyday lifetime rather than formal training programs.Lets see below a skeleton description of the process according to a p rofessionalInstead of a theoretical discussion about strategic planning or nominate management, for instance, participants develop a usable strategic plan or name deliverables for their project. Employees learn in their own way and at their own footmark through assignments that get real work done.In my opinion, this method is more than a way to train employees and rather an example that every company should adopt in their daily management scheme.This strategy can be very efficient because it allows for a focus on problems of real pertain to the company, on which each employee can find solutions. Its very concrete and particular because it directly applies to the job himself.American Express Case studyThe invention of diversity managementAmerican Express received recently the scrap of Top Company for Employee-Resource Groups. American Express is a good example of how the concept of diversity management is implemented in large companies. transition management must begin with v isible(a) leadership. This means that the CEO and executive team must lead by example and be visible supporters of diversity as a business driver while belongings their direct reports accountable for results .The management of diversity can be very useful for the development of employees in several ways.When you work with people from different countries and different cultures, you may learn more than working with people from the same(p) country as yours. I think this climate of diversity allows for the development of new working methods and new ways of seeing things.Yet I think that valid metrics are needed to see the positive impact of diversity management.Management should in this case set up clear objectives and preserve middle management.This rather new concept has to be well managed in order to perform better than classical work model.A diverse and inclusive culture is a corporate plus for American Express.Kenneth Chenault, Chairman Chief Executive Officer.Transferability of knowledge and skills back to the jobOn this last part, Id like to comment on the channelability of knowledge.I think each employee or manager has to keep in mind that the transfer of training, i.e. knowledge capitalization, is the key in terms of value for a company in the long run.The knowledge of each employee should be easily conveyable to other new employee and this should be handled through a complete and everlasting(a) process.This is good for the integration of new employees. They always perform and feel better after a good training on the task they are supposed to perform.Another important element is the fact that new skill or knowledge should be maintained once they have been completed.My accepted experience as an intern on a trading desk at HSBC Paris is in my opinion a very relevant example. Before really starting I had a 3-week training with the past intern. past I learnt how to use the IT system, how to work in a specific environment, how to push-down stack with the daily tasks I was supposed to fulfil. These 3 weeks taught me also how to behave not only with my colleagues but also with the clients of HSBC. It was for my integration. It gave me confidence but provided me with a world-shattering increase in efficiency and well-being.Conclusion

Regression Analysis for the Netherlands

Regression abridgment for the NetherlandsTABLE OF FIGURES AND GRAPHS slacken 1 Coefficients of estimated OLS ideal slacken 2 abbreviation of Variance and F-statisticmesa 3 Paired t-sample testsTable 4 Analysis of Variance for pre structural opening (b,c)Table 5 Analysis of Variance for jeopardize structural sort (b,c)Table 6 Analysis of Variance and F-statisticTable 7 Pearsons Cor similitudesGraph 1 Scatterplot with best fit lineGraph 2 Simple scatterplot of eventsIntroductionThe following document probes the conditional relation aggregate quest for the Netherlands utilising entropy from the first locatingerior 1977 to the first after part 2006. The aim is to position the relationship mingled with merchandises and five informative variables relative prices (measured as the ratio of mo to interior(prenominal) prices), ho spendhold manipulation expendings, brass inhalation expenditures, enthronement expenditures and exports. A regression utilising Ordinary Lea st Squ ars is run and then a series of analyses is make on the results of the estimated baby-sit.Model EstimationData for the Netherlands was obtained from world-class eviscerate 1977 to 1st quarter 2006 from the International Monetary Funds International monetary Statistics, giving a sample population N = 117 and 116 degrees of freedom. It is worth noting that due to the use of the euro to report Netherlands accounts starting in 1999, at that place was a break in the information presented as they were in two currencies pre 1999 (in Dutch gulden) and post 1999 (euros). In order to overcome this, tout ensemble in all of the data was transformed into Dutch gulden, using the official euro/gulden transposition rate at the time of the entry of the euro.To prep atomic number 18 the data for the regression, the subjective log of the harbors for imports (M), relative prices (RP)the index of import prices to consumer prices, household consumption expenditure (HC), regime consumpt ion expenditure (GC), investment expenditure (INV) and exports (EXP) were taken. By using SPSS to estimate the type via Ordinary Least Squ ares, the aggregate affect depart (utilising the un measure coefficients) is estimated asM = 0.071 0.966 RP 0.328 HC 0.171 GC + 0.286 INV + 0.808 EXPStd errors (0.041) (0.022) (0.053) (0.035) (0.033) (0.026)The model has an adjusted R2 = 0.992, indicating that 99.2% of the random variable in imports is explained by the relative price and the four expenditure components. It has a standard error of regression of 0.02715.With regards to the instructive variables included in the regression, by analysing their t-values we are able to determine that from individually one coefficient is statistically world-shaking at all levels. Table 1 shows the results of the estimated coefficients along with their tally t-values and significance values.Table 1 Coefficients of estimated OLS modela myrmecophilous Variable LN_MPlotting the values of imports (as ln(M)) with regards to the standardised predicted values from the model, we get the best-fit curve shown in graph 1.Graph 1 Scatterplot with best fit lineInterpretation of slope coefficientsThe estimated coefficients from the regression in a higher place can now be interpreted. The results are presented again for ease of developmentM = 0.071 0.966 RP 0.328 HC 0.171 GC + 0.286 INV + 0.808 EXPIn general terms, each slope coefficient is the import childs play with keep an eye on to each of the equation components relative prices, household consumption, government consumption, investment expenditures and exports. Following is the explanation for each coefficientmachinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, clothing from germ, belg and chinaware2 = -0.966 represents the relative price import elasticity. This implies that a 1% growth in relative prices causes a reduction in imports of 0.966%. This is basically a unitary elasticity, the effect of a change i n relative prices is intimately identically reflected on imports. This occurs primarily in countries with an open thriftiness that thrives on the balance of trade. Additionally, since the Netherlands most important trade partners are within the European Union, who use the alike(p) property, the relative prices are alike(p) for them. (Atlapedia Online, 2006)3 = -0.328 represents the elasticity of imports with respect to household consumption expenditure. It implies that a 1% append in household consumption expenditure will translate into a 0.328% cliff in imports. The import elasticity of household consumption is inelastic. Household consumption has a small effect on imports, as although Netherlands does import foodstuffs and clothing, the pop of imports is for machinery and transport equipment as swell as chemicals, which befool no relation with household consumption. (CIA World Factbook, 2006)4 = -0.171 represents the import elasticity with respect to government consumptio n expenditures. It follows that a 1% increase in government expenditure will result in a reduction in imports of 0.171%. The import elasticity of government consumption is highly inelastic. callable to the nature of imports mentioned in the paragraph above, it is logical to assume that the import composition is not astray affected by government consumption, except maybe in the import of fuels.5 = 0.286 is the import elasticity with respect to investment expenditure. It is a confirmatory inelastic import elasticity as a 1% increase in investment expenditure will result in a 0.286% increase in imports. This makes sense with reality since investment expenditures are in part for importing machinery and transport goods.6 = 0.808 is the import elasticity with respect to exports. It shows that a 1% increase in exports will result in a 0.808% increase in imports. This elasticity is also elastic, although it is more similar to the relative price import elasticity, approximating unit elast icity. This also reflects the Netherlands open economy and its active trading with neighbouring countries as a result of forming part of the European Union.Overall significance of the regressionNow that we know seen the interpretations of each of the coefficients of our estimated model, and having seen that they are all statistically significant, we have to analyse whether the model as a self-coloured is statistically significant. This is done by analysing the F-value of the regression. If the value of F is sufficiently large with a high boldness level, then it follows that the estimation we have done does indeed predict some of the values we have spy and the regression is statistically significant.For this regression, SPSS calculates the F-value as 2784.8, which is statistically significant at all confidence levels. As mentioned above, this confirms the validity of the predicted equation in estimating the values of the components of imports.Table 2 below presents SPSS results for the F-statistic and Analysis of Variance for our model.Table 2 Analysis of Variance and F-statistica Predictors (Constant), LN_EXP, LN_RP, LN_INV, LN_GC, LN_HCb Dependent Variable LN_MTest of comparability of import elasticitiesAfter having tested that the model as a whole is statistically significant, we will now test whether each of the import elasticities of closing expenditures are equal amongst themselves. In order to do this, we will use a paired t-test, which will compare each elasticity against each other and determine whether the differences amid them are statistically significant or not. If they are not statistically significant, then the elasticities are the same.In the reference of our estimated model, the t-statistics are significant at all levels for all of the relationships. This means that we cannot adjudicate that each of the import elasticities is the same, rather they are statistically significantly diametrical from one another.Table 3 shows the results provided by SPSS paired t-test for each of the import elasticity relationships testedTable 3 Paired t-sample testsThe Behaviour of Imports from 1977 to 2006Having sustain that our model is statistically significant and that each elasticity of imports is different, we now analyse the behaviour of imports during our sample period. The easiest way to do so is graphically. Using the scatterplot function from SPSS we plot the observed values of the Netherlands imports from 1st quarter 1977 to 1st quarter 2006. Graph 2 below shoes this relationshipGraph 2 Simple scatterplot of importsA structural break in importsFrom the graph above, there seems to be a structural break around 2nd quarter 2002. This would make sense since it was around this time that the actual euro currency replaced the Dutch gulden (and all other European currencies for that matter). Such a significant change would be reflected in imports.The actual occurrence of such a break, can be tested statistically using our obse rved data. This is done via a Chow Test, where we test whether the coefficients in our estimated equation are the same before and after the suspected structural break point, Q2 2002. However, since SPSS does not have a command for the Chow Test, we do this analysis by calculate an incremental F-value from a constrained (the model divided into the two periods pre Q2 2002 and post Q2 2002) and an unconstrained model (our original estimation).The constrained model used divides our data into two, as mentioned above. The assemblage labelled as pre represents observed values from Q1 1977 to Q2 2002, whilst the group labelled pos represents values from Q3 2002 to Q1 2006. Running a regression and using the analysis of variance functionality on the constrained model yields the results presented in tables 4 and 5.Table 4 Analysis of Variance for pre structural break (b,c)a Predictors (Constant), LN_EXP, LN_RP, LN_INV, LN_GC, LN_HCb Dependent Variable LN_Mc struct_break = preTable 5 Analysi s of Variance for post structural break (b,c)a Predictors (Constant), LN_EXP, LN_HC, LN_INV, LN_RP, LN_GCb Dependent Variable LN_Mc struct_break = posUtilising the above with the results from the original unconstrained modelTable 6 Analysis of Variance and F-statistica Predictors (Constant), LN_EXP, LN_RP, LN_INV, LN_GC, LN_HCb Dependent Variable LN_Mthe incremental F-value is mensurable using the residual sums of squares and degrees of freedom of the constrained and unconstrained models. In this instance asF6,105 = (0.063 -0.082)*(117 2*5-2) / (0.082 * 6) = -4.05The f-value of -4.05 when compared to the critical value of F6,105 = 2.19 at the 5% confidence level and 2.98 at the 1% confidence level, causes us to reject the nugatory hypothesis which means that there is a difference in the coefficients between the pre and pos periods we chose. This confirms that there was a structural break in the 2nd quarter of 2002.Auto correlational statisticsWe can now check if our estimated mod el suffers from autocorrelation by examining the Durbin-Watson statistic. According to a statistical table for Durbin-Watson statistics, the critical values for the Durbin-Watson statistic with N = 117 and k = 6, at the 5% confidence level are dL = 1.61045 and dU = 1.78828. In this model, the D-W statistic was calculated by SPSS as 0.661. This implies that the model does suffer from autocorrelation, as the statistic falls below the lower critical value. It has positive autocorrelation. To correct this, we have to determine whether or not the aggregate demand relation is in fact linear, other than we need to choose a different functional form and re-run our regression. If we do have the correct functional form, we need to determine whether there are any other variables which can be included in the model to help explain the effect on imports and which may eliminate this autocorrelation. any changes that are made to the model or the data itself will incriminate that a spick-and-spa n regression must be run and new tests for autocorrelation carried out until this problem is eliminated.Correlation of final expenditure componentsOnly because the model as a whole suffers from autocorrelation, it does not mean that each of the explanatory variables is significantly correlated. In order to test this, we must calculate Pearsons correlation coefficient. SPSS can calculate these coefficients by analysing the relationship between each one of the variables with the others in the equation. Table 7 below shows the results from SPSS, as well as the statistical significance of each of the calculated correlation coefficients.Table 7 Pearsons Correlations** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).As can be seen, all of the correlation coefficients are statistically significant at all levels, thus they are positively correlated. The highest correlations are between household consumption expenditures and the other three expenditure components government consumpti on, investments and exports with correlation coefficients of 0.954, 0.950 and 0.933 respectively. This means that these variables vary together in a linear manner. Due to this high level of statistically significant correlation, the premise of regressing the model via OLS and the corresponding interpretations are put into question, as one of the basic premises is that the value of each coefficient represents the change it causes on the independent variable, leaving the rest of the explanatory variables unchanged. Yet, if they are so highly correlated, you cannot assume that they can ever be unchanged.ConclusionsThrough the analysis of the Netherlands quarterly statistics on imports, relative import/domestic prices, household consumption, government consumption, investments and exports, we estimated via OLS a model to explain elasticity of imports. We underwent a series of analysis of the results of the model, finding that our estimate is statistically significant, as are each of the individual import elasticities. Additionally, we were able to demonstrate that the switch of currency to the euro caused a structural break in the import relationship. Notwithstanding this, the estimated model suffers from autocorrelation, which brings into question whether the OLS approach and its findings are in fact correct. Additionally, the high correlations that come through between the various expenditure components also puts into question our interpretations of the estimated coefficients, as no(prenominal) of them can be fully isolated to measure the effect on imports.ReferencesAtlapedia Online, 2006, Netherlands online, available at http//www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/netherla.htm accessed 12 December 2006Biokin, Ltd., 2006, Critical values of F-statistics online, (updated 16 November 2006), Available at http//www.biokin.com/tools/fcrit.html accessed on 10 December 2006Central perception Agency, 2006, The World Factbook Netherlands online, updated on 30 November 20 06, available at https//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/nl.html accessed on 11 December 2006Critical Values for the Durbin-Watson Test 5% Significance direct online. Available at http//www.stanford.edu/clint/bench/dw05b.htm accessed 10 December 2006Hamilton, J.D., 1994, Time serial Analysis, New Jersey Princeton University Press.International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Financial Statistics (IFS) November 2006, ESDS International, (MIMAS) University of Manchester.

Chinese Mythology Essay -- essays research papers

Mythology is a collection of myths or the study of ancient traditional stories of gods or heroes, giving an explanation to an unexplained event. For Plato, the fist known user of the term, muthologia meant know to a greater extent than the telling of stories (Kirk 8). Mythology is an grievous aspect to the world, today. Through the study of myths help us develop an idea of what the cultures were like. It includes hints that exhibit how they lived their lives. Myth is its serious purpose and its brilliance to the culture (Lansford 1). Every culture has its own myth that explains slightly the nature of that particular culture. The Chinese culture has been or so for many centuries, its myths have accrued into varies stories of gods and their culture. China is the worlds oldest continuous elegance (Cotterel 9). Evidence taper the earliest Chinese civilization to be found around 1650 B.C. The beginnings of Chinese mythology, started around the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Influenced by alchemist ideas, Taoist and Buddhist superstitions, various writers created storied about their enigmatic surroundings. The beginning of the Chinese civilization is based on mythology. wiz of the creation myths is about the beginning of the world. In it, the world began as an addict and cracking open, the top of the shell grew to be the sky, the lower shell became the Earth, and in the middle stepped a man named Pan-gu. Mythology of the ancient Chinese is app bent through art, music and literature. Since, there is no explanation of how the Chinese civilization began mythology has been a way of explanation to the Chinese culture and opposite cultures around the world, today. Chinese mythology, as with many other cultures, has many gods and goddesses that are in charge of various things. In the superannuated Chinese culture, there are gods and goddesses for every important aspect of the peoples life, even things as unlikely as the stove god and the door god. Other deities that w ere important to the Chinese people were the gods of the elements such as Chu Jung, the fire god, Lei Kun, the relish god, the wind god, and the lightning goddess. Most of the element gods devoted themselves to punishing criminals and keeping evil-minded spirits away. There were also important gods in charge of palm such as Kuan Ti, the god of war, Kuan Yin, the goddess of c... ...an anyone could possibly fathom. If everyone became educated about other culture, there would be little to know unknown, and there would probably be less hate in the world. Mythology, the study of myths, gives people an insight to others dreams, hopes, and their fears. We entirely have hopes, dreams, and fears. By learning about other cultures hopes, dreams, and fears we can obtain more connected to each other and reach out. Mythology is a bring up element in keeping peace without shedding blood. Work CitedCotterel, Arthur. Ancient China. Kirk, Geoffrey Stephen. Myth its meaning and functions in anc ient and other culture calcium University of California Press. 1970Lansford, Tyler. Mythology Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2002. Microsoft Corporation, 2002Owens, D.W. Ancient Chinese Mythology Gods and goddess folklore Google.com. November 5, 2003 Schafer, Edward H. Ancient China. New York while Inc.1967Williams, Brians. Ancient China. Middlesex, England Reed Educational and Professional Publishing, Ltd. 1996